New 2006 Cavalier ... An hour after first dealer oil change the car started to slow on the highway, even with foot on the gas, oil light is on, engine light comes on ... as I pull off the highway the steering is hard to move. Car gets towed back to dealer ... dealer says oil pump failed and replaces pump. That's it.
1.) What happened; did the dealer fail to tighten the oil filter enough so the engine lost its oil?
2.) With a failed oil pump, is it the same as running out of oil and grinding metal on metal? What is the potential long term damage?
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From your description, the engine was stopped immediately, so there was probably no damage. If it were run a very short time with no oil pressure, here are some long-term effects possible:
a. Engine power falls as worn rings lower cylinder pressure. b. Oil consumption rises and exhaust smokes from worn rings. c. Oil pump picks up metal flakes from pan. d. Loose rods rattle at startup until oil pressure rises.
The dealer may have failed to tighten the oil filter, but not want to admit the error. Also, the dealer was able to charge the manufacturer for warranty replacement of a "failed oil pump" instead of having to admit its incompetence and to eat the cost of fixing its own stupid mistake.
Yes, either a failed oil pump or a loose filter will cause loss of oil pressure. In the old days, if you saw the oil pressure warning light go on and you kept driving, engine bearings would begin to wear immediately, shedding metal flakes down into the crankcase. You would hear knocking as the rod bearings got looser, and one of the bearings would seize within a few minutes, followed by broken pieces of rods trying to fly through the side of the block.
But if you shut off the engine as soon as you saw the oil pressure warning light go on, there would be no damage.
Many modern cars have an oil pressure interlock that shots off the fuel pump if oil pressure fails. If your car has that interlock, the engine shut itself off automatically when the oil pressure failed and damage was prevented.
Good luck.
Rodan.