Antifreeze compositions are usually based upon a thermodynamic antifreeze compound, primarily ethylene glycol or propylene glycol.
These will be the same no matter what prime source you get them from. (Yes, others are possible but are not in commercial use right now)
Ethylene glycol costs somewhat less than propylene glycol. Propylene glycol is a poorer thermodynamic antifreeze, but is somewhat better with respect to toxicity.
In the quantities that the blenders purchase the glycols, they get them pretty cheap. EG is in the range of $ .25 per pound or less.
The dye used costs nearly nothing.
The agent used to bitter the antifreeze can add a bit to the cost. About $0.30 per gallon.
The chemicals package is the next part.
Old green antifreeze had a mixture of (typically) mercaptobenzotriazole or tolyltriazole (corrosion inhibitor for brass) Borax...(pH buffer, corrosion inhibitor) Sodium silicate (corrosion inhibitor for aluminum -wasn't too good either) Caustic soda (added alkaline reserve, pH control) Polymer...( corrosion inhibitor for iron. dispersant for solids. scale inhibitor) Phosphate (buffer. Corrosion inhibitor for iron) Sodium nitrate (corrosion inhibitor for solder) Lubricants for the water pump were often not a part of the package. Dye Everybody had about the same mix, give or take. Whether you paid a bunch or a little, there wasn't too much difference.
There was some experimentation with floating polymer beads , intended to stop leaks and perhaps lubricate a bit, but in fact they ruined engines too. That stopped long ago.
The new orange stuff is a different chemistry. It is based on salts of dibasic carboxylic acids. It is probably more environmentally responsible overall. Reasonably effective stuff. Blenders who use this patented formulation buy it from the same company.
Now, if you were a seller, and could sell some nice orange crap at $9.00 per gallon, versus some green crap at $5.00 per gallon, both of which cost you about the same amount of money to make, WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO??
As a consumer, you pay what you have to pay to keep your warranty in place. Unless you actually do the tests, you do not know, nor can you ever know, what the variations of the chemical packages will do for your particular engine.
None of them are as good as you might hope from the advertising claims. Neither are the rest as bad as many on this newsgroup would claim.
There is no magic at work here. It is fairly simple chemistry.