How far back do you need to go? M-B sold a 180D in the late '50s or early '60s.
In the '70s a 240D was sold, then a 300D and in '78 the first 300SD Turbodiesel was sold. The 240D was discontinued in '83 and the 300D Turbodiesel was sold until '86 I believe. Then a couple of years of six cylinder 300D turbos.
The most popular was the 5 cylinder 300D Turbodiesel '78 - '85. 120 HP and 165 ft lbs of torque; mine averages 24 mpg in daily commute driving. While its fuel use is nothing like the 190D you cite, it has reasonable power.
These old engines' fuel used doesn't appear to be good by today's standards but they were very good compared to a 12 mpg 560 gas engine of the late 70s!