They did back in the day. I don't think there's any compelling reason to run straight weight oil today in any old gasoline engine with full pressure oiling today. Two cycle Detroits run it because multigrade oils do not migrate past the air intake holes in the bottom of the cylinder liner.
Unless you were doing a show restoration, you'd want full flow oil filtering on any of the old Jeep engines. It's certainly possible on the Continentals. I think it is on the flathead four, because that's the same engine boaters use as the Atomic Four. Sailboaters who don't want diesel still swear by them, and I'm pretty sure modern full flow oiling is a common mod on them.
It isn't the multigrade that is a problem on no-filter engines, it's the detergency.
Most AD aviation oils are straight weight but I don't think this is for any compelling reason besides tradition. The AD multigrade oils work fine in TCM and Lycoming engines. Maybe the radials don't like them, but then again 60 and even 70 weight is de rigeur for some of those old monsters-and in 55 gallon barrels.