A starter motor is isolated on the live side of the power supply by a soleniod or relay setup so any current spike dumps straight into the ground circuit
Alternators dont operate in the same way , for a start they generate AC not DC which has to be rectified usally by a diode pack sudden diodes dont like sudden surges
In addition to Ford Smart Charge (introduced ~1998):
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many cars use the ECU to effectively turn the alternator output off when the lights are not in use and the battery is at least partially charged. The alternator is only put back 'on load' when the ECU senses an over-run condition. Obviously this is a fuel saving strategy
BMW have done this on some models from 2006; their system is called Intelligent Alternator Control. Later Disco's turn the alternator off at tickover.
Incidentally, the author of the above link suggests that Ford vehicles with Smart Charge and a flat battery should *never* be jump-started!
Some of the ecu operations cant be fed through circuits with these components fitted .
ECUs have different operating voltages for some functions , within the electronics of a car you can create a voltage differential of nearly 30 volts if required you can have - feed + feed to a ground , split rail grounds all within the ecu plus ac
I don't understand the 2nd bit, but then I don't see how the starter puts a spike back on the 12V rail, the reason it's input goes high is that it's disconnected from the 12V rail. Unless you're doing somethig very strange it won't be driven by the alternator. (Presumably jumping a dead car with a car with a knackered battery may also be a bad idea if you don't follow the instructions)
As i already explained the functions of the ecu will prohibit such
not every wire comming out of the ecu carries +12 volts some carry 3 volts some carry 5 volts some carry dc some carry ac some are 0 volts otheres can be -3 volts -5 volts -12 volts some wires are signal wires .
Some wires are even multifunction
Varistors are only of any use for voltage surges , no good at all for inrush of current.
If you were jumping a car with a flat battery, you wouldn't have too many other items switched on. If other items did fail, it may not be noticed until later.
Not necessarily, no. It depends on how long it's been flat & whether or not one of the cells has gone open circuit. Most of the time it's an ideal heavy load, under almost all the circumstances it isn't then it won't start the car on it;s own.
If it was ok before it went flat and hasn't been flat for long, yes. But if it has failed through one or more cells going high impedance or has got sulphated, no.
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